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<p style="color: #fff;">The study of the differences between these species is very precise, it's called <em>conservation genetics</em>.
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<p style="color: #fff;">Once species are differentiated, they are sorted systematically, like they are put in boxes. This is called taxonomy.</p>
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<h3 style="color: #2a2a2a;"><span class="fa fa-pencil-square" aria-hidden="true"></span> Taxa organisation</h3>
<p style="text-align: justify;">Taxonomy uses a hierarchical classification system, going from vaster categories to more specific ones. This system, as defined by Carl von Linné, has several levels: <em>kingdom</em>, <em>phylum</em>, <em>class</em>, <em>order</em>, <em>family</em>, <em>genus </em>and <em>species</em>. Each level of classification represents a taxonomic group, and organisms that share a taxonomic level are considered close from an evolutionary perspective.</p>
<p><strong>This is how taxa are organised, from the most general level to the most specific: <br></strong></p>
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<li style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Kingdom</strong>: the kingdom is the highest level of classification and brings together broad classifications of living organisms based on big fundamental differences in their overall organisation. The main kingdoms are Bacteria (Monera), Archaea, Protists, Fungi, Plant and Animal.</li>
<li style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Phylum</strong>: the phylum (or division for plants) brings together organisms according to general anatomic characteristics. For example, with animals, the phylum can be based on characteristics such as the presence or absence of spine, while with plants, it can be based on characteristics such as the presence of vascular tissue.</li>
<li style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Class</strong>: the classe is a level of classification that brings together similar organisms within a phylum (or division) according to more specifics anatomical and physiological characteristics.</li>
<li style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Order</strong>: the order groups together similar organisms within a class based on similarities in their structure and behaviour.</li>
<li style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Family</strong>: the family groups similar organisms within the same order based on more specific characteristics such as anatomical traits or similar reproductive modes.</li>
<li style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Genus</strong>: the genus groups similar organisms within a family based on morphological, genetic and evolutionary similarities.</li>
<li style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Species</strong>: a species is the most specific level of classification and it refers to a group of organisms sharing similar characteristics and who are able to reproduce and have fertile offspring.</li>
</ol>
<p style="text-align: justify;">This hierarchical system allows taxonomists to classify and organise living organisms in logical and informative groups, thereby facilitating identification, description and understanding of life diversity.</p>
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<p style="color: #fff;">We need to understand what happens on the field, and to do that, there are tools and techniques to monitor species. This is called ecological monitoring.
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<h3 style="color: #2a2a2a;"><span class="fa fa-pencil-square" aria-hidden="true"></span> Ecological monitoring</h3>
<p><span class="fa fa-hand-o-right" aria-hidden="true"></span> Ecological monitoring can be carried out at different scales, from localised field studies to large scale surveillance programmes covering entire regions or even continents.</p>
<p><span class="fa fa-hand-o-right" aria-hidden="true"></span> Methods of ecological monitoring often include field collections, visual observations, sampling of organisms, chemical and biological analyses as well as the use of new technologies such as teledetection systems and environmental sensors.</p>
<p><span class="fa fa-external-link" aria-hidden="true"></span> Do not hesitate to have a look at our <a href="https://www.mooc-conservation.org/courses/course-v1:IUCN-Papaco+MOOC-SE+EN-1/course/" style="color: #2a2a2a;">MOOC on this topic</a>.</p>
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